As the book progresses Kean moves on from elements to take a closer look at what composes them, diving into the structure of molecules, while taking a closer look subatomic particles, and explaining the forces that are at play at a molecular scale. Kean really first dives into this topic when he talks about electrons , or more specifically the octet rule , where all atoms try to get precisely eight electrons on their valence shell . He then breaks down how atoms get a neutral charge through balanced protons and neutrons. Expanding on this Kean explains that ions are atoms that have an imbalanced charge , with a different number of electrons that throwing off that balance. Kean also explains how atoms gain or lose electrons through unequal bonding, equal bonding, or a bonding where one atom gives electrons to another. This leads into Kean explaining how noble gasses do not really bond with other elements as they already have eight valence electrons, meaning they are alre...